[6] Natural Language Processing (NLP)

General:

   Gazdar, G. and Mellish, C., "Natural Language Processing in Lisp:
   An Introduction to Computational Linguistics", Addison-Wesley,
   Reading, Massachusetts, 1989. (There are three different editions
   of the book, one for Lisp, one for Prolog, and one for Pop-11.)

   Michael A. Covington, "Natural Language Processing for Prolog
   Programmers", Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1994. ISBN
   0-13-629213-5.

   Grosz, Barbara J., Sparck-Jones, Karen, and Webber, Bonnie L.,
   "Readings in Natural Language Processing", Morgan Kaufmann
   Publishers, Los Altos, CA, 1986, 664 pages. ISBN 0-934613-11-7, $44.95.

   Robert C. Berwick, "Computational Linguistics", MIT Press, 
   Cambridge, MA, 1989, ISBN 0262-02266-4.

   Brady, Michael, and Berwick, Robert C., "Computational Models
   of Discourse", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1983.

   Klaus K. Obermeier, "Natural Language Processing Technologies
   in Artificial Intelligence: The Science and Industry Perspective",
   John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989.

   Allen, James F., "Natural Language Understanding", 2nd edition, The
   Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo Park, California,
   (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts), 1995. 
   625 pages, ISBN 0-8053-0335-9. Code for the book is available from
      bc.aw.com:/bc/allen/
      ftp.cs.rochester.edu:/pub/u/james/NLcode/
      ftp.cs.cmu.edu:/user/ai/areas/nlp/bookcode/allen/

   Terry Winograd, "Language as a Cognitive Process", Addison-Wesley,
   Reading, MA, 1983.

   Schank, R. and Abelson, R.  "Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding,"
   Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1977.

   Fernando C.N. Pereira and Barbara Grosz, "Natural Language
   Processing", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994. 531 pages, ISBN
   0-262-66092-X ($35).

Terminology:

   David Crystal, "A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics", 3rd Edition,
   Basil Blackwell Publishers, New York, 1991.

Parsing:

   Tomita, M. (Editor), "Current Issues in Parsing Technology", 
   Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1991.

   Tomita, M., "An Efficient Context-Free Parsing Algorithm",
   Computational Linguistics 13:31-46, 1987.

   Marcus, M.  "A Theory of Syntactic Recognition for Natural Language,"
   The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1980.

   Pereira, F. and Sheiber, S.  "Prolog and Natural-Language Analysis,"
   Center for the Study of Language and Information, 1987.

   Dick Grune and Ceriel J.H. Jacobs, "Parsing Techniques -- A Practical
   Guide", Ellis Horwood, Chichester, England, 1990. 
   320 pages, ISBN 0-13-651431-6. [Covers most parsing algorithms and
   includes an extensive annotated bibliography.]
   For more information, see http://www.cs.vu.nl/~dick/PTAPG.html or
   ftp://ftp.cs.vu.nl/pub/dick/PTAPG/

Probabilistic Parsing:

   Wright, J., "LR Parsing of Probabilistic Grammars with Input
   Uncertainty for Speech Recognition", Computer Speech and Language
   4:297-323, 1990. 

   Ted Briscoe and John Carroll, "Generalised Probabilistic LR Parsing of
   Natural Language (Corpora) with Unification-based Grammars",
   University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, Technical Report Number
   224, 1991.

   Zhi Biao Wu, Loke Soo Hsu, and Chew Lim Tan, "A Survey of Statistical
   Approaches to Natural Language Processing", Technical report TRA4/92,
   Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, National
   University of Singapore, 1992

Natural Language Understanding:

   E. Charniak, "Passing Markers: A Theory of Contextual Influence in
   Language Comprehension", Cognitive Science, 7:171-190, 1983.

   Bertram C. Bruce, "Case systems for natural language", Artificial
   Intelligence 6:327-360, 1975.

   Yorick Wilks, "A Preferential, Pattern-Seeking, Semantics For
   Natural Language Inference", Artificial Intelligence, 6:53-74, 1975.

   Dyer, M.  "In-Depth Understanding:  A Computer Model of Integrated
   Processing for Narrative Comprehension,"  MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1983.

   Aravind Joshi, Bonnie Webber and Ivan Sag, "Elements of Discourse
   Understanding", Cambridge University Press, New York, 1981.

   Grosz, Barbara J. and Sidner, Candace L., "Attention, Intention, and
   the Structure of Discourse", Computational Linguistics 12(3):175-204, 1986.

   Cohen, P. R., Morgan, J. and Pollack, M., editors, "Intentions in
   Communication", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990.

Natural Language Interfaces:

   Raymond C. Perrault and Barbara J. Grosz, "Natural Language
   Interfaces", Annual Review of Computer Science, volume 1, J.F. Traub,
   editor, pages 435-452, Annual Reviews Inc., Palo Alto, CA, 1986.

Natural Language Generation:

   McKeown, Kathleen R. and Swartout, William R., "Language
   Generation and Explanation", in Zock, M. and Sabah, G.,
   editors, Advances in Natural Language Generation, Volume 1, Pages
   1-51, Ablex Publishing Company, Norwood, NJ, 1988. (Overview of
   the state of the art in natural language generation.)

   There are several books published as a result of the international
   workshops on natural language generation.

Machine Translation:

   W. John Hutchins and Harold L. Somers, "An Introduction to Machine
   Translation", Academic Press, San Diego, 1992. 362 pages, ISBN
   0-123-62830-X.

   Bonnie J. Dorr, "Machine Translation: A View from the Lexicon" MIT
   Press, Cambridge, MA 1993. 408 pages, ISBN 0-262-04138-3 ($45).

   Kenneth Goodman and Sergei Nirenburg., editors, "The KBMT Project: A
   Case Study in Knowledge-Based Machine Translation", Morgan Kaufmann
   Publishers, San Mateo, CA, 1991. 331 pages, ISBN 1-558-60129-5, $34.95.

   The journal "Machine Translation" is the principle forum for
   current research.

   A review of MT systems on the market appeared in BYTE 18(1), January 1993.

Reversible Grammars:

   Gertjan van Noord, "Reversible Unification Based Machine
   Translation", COLING-90, pages 299-304, 1990.

   Tomek Strzalkowski, "Reversible logic grammars for natural language
   parsing and generation", Computational Intelligence 6(3):145-171,
   August 1990.

   Tomek Strzalkowski, editor, "Reversible Grammar in Natural Language
   Processing", Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.

   Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Reversible Grammar in Natural
   Language Processing, UC Berkeley, 1991. (See especially Remi
   Zajac's paper.)

Linguistics:

   Vivian J. Cook, "Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction", Basil
   Blackwell Publisher, New York, 1988, 201 pages.

   Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman, "An Introduction to Language",
   Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 4th edition, 1988, 474 pages.

   Ralph Grishman, "Computational Linguistics: An Introduction",
   Cambridge University Press, New York, 1986, 193 pages. [Mainly parsing.]

   Liliane M.V. Haegeman, "Introduction to Government and Binding
   Theory", Basil Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1991, 618 pages.

   Michael A. K. Halliday, "An Introduction to Functional Grammar",
   Edward Arnold, London, 1985.

   Geoffrey C. Horrocks, "Generative Grammar", Longman, London, 1987,
   339 pages. 

   Andrew Radford, "Transformational Grammar: A First Course", Cambridge
   University Press, New York, 1988, 625 pages.